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Una cura para el cáncer de riñón podría ser una realidad con esta innovadora vacuna

Los pacientes a quienes se les suministró el fármaco experimental personalizado han permanecido libres de esa enfermedad durante tres años.

El carcinoma de células renales avanzado es una variante del cáncer de riñón conocida por su naturaleza agresiva. El tratamiento estándar para esta enfermedad incluye cirugía e inmunoterapia, que reduce el riesgo de recurrencia, aunque no es eficaz para la mayoría de los pacientes.

No obstante, investigadores del Instituto del Cáncer Dana-Faber (EE.UU.) informaron que nueve pacientes que habían recibido una nueva vacuna experimental han mostrado una respuesta inmunitaria duradera contra el cáncer de riñón.

Una nueva opción terapéutica

Esta vacuna personalizada está diseñada para atacar a los neoantígenos, unos pequeños fragmentos de proteínas mutantes que están presentes en las células cancerosas pero que no se observan en el tejido sano.

En su artículo publicado en la revista Nature, los investigadores del instituto estadounidense explican que extrajeron muestras de tumores de los pacientes y luego usaron algoritmos informáticos para predecir qué neoantígenos añadir a la vacuna para provocar una respuesta inmunitaria eficaz.

Cada paciente recibió una vacuna adaptada a sus mutaciones específicas de cáncer, después de la extirpación de sus tumores. Cinco de ellos también recibieron tratamiento complementario con un inhibidor de punto de control inmunitario.

Evaluando su eficacia

En las tres semanas posteriores a la vacunación, se produjo un aumento significativo en la cantidad de células T, que son aquellas que combaten el cáncer. De acuerdo con los científicos, estas células se mantuvieron en niveles elevados durante tres años, lo que demuestra una persistencia a largo plazo.

Asimismo, señalan que los experimentos de laboratorio confirmaron que las células T inducidas por la vacuna podían dirigirse directamente a las células cancerosas de los pacientes para atacarlas.

No se registraron graves efectos secundarios durante el ensayo, algunos pacientes solo experimentaron reacciones locales en lugar de la inyección o síntomas similares a la gripe. Los investigadores sostuvieron que se necesitan más ensayos con un mayor número de participantes para comprobar la eficacia de la vacuna.

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