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La pérdida de esta proteína podría provocar cáncer de colon

Un nuevo estudio podría arrojar luz sobre las posibles causas del aumento en los casos de cáncer de colon en adultos jóvenes.

La deficiencia de una proteína antitumoral llamada p53 podría redefinir los mecanismos de formación de tumores en etapas iniciales e impulsar mutaciones transicionales en el cáncer de colón, según un estudio reciente del Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas (CNIO) de España.

La investigación, publicada en la revista Nature Communications, reveló que la p53 se degrada, mientras que la proteína URI —que ya se conocía por estar presente en otros tipos de tumores— aumenta en las etapas iniciales de los tumores colorrectales y favorece su progresión hacia formas más agresivas.

"Los niveles de URI comienzan a elevarse muy al principio, lo que conduce a la formación del adenoma, un crecimiento aberrante que aún no constituye un cáncer, aunque es en esa etapa donde empieza a degradarse la p53", explica Irene Herranz-Montoya, autora de la investigación.

Para llevara cabo el estudio, los investigadores observaron en ratones que los pólipos, un tipo de lesión precancerosa que aparece en el tejido del colon, no se convertían en tumores al eliminar la proteína URI o al aumentar la p53, lo que sugiere que comprender estos mecanismos podría permitir prevenir el cáncer colorrectal.

"Nuestros resultados aportan una comprensión más detallada de cómo evoluciona el cáncer colorrectal. Si nos centramos en estudiar los mecanismos colorrectales que provocan la degradación de p53, entre ellos el incremento de URI, podríamos en un futuro intervenir en los estadios iniciales del cáncer y prevenir su progresión a formas más agresivas de la enfermedad", sostiene Herranz.

Estudios anteriores ya documentaron la función antitumoral de la proteína p53, concluyendo que bloquea la división de las células y contribuye a que se destruyan cuando contienen anomalías peligrosas, inhibiendo la replicación anormal de células dañadas que da origen a los tumores.

Además, los investigadores descubrieron que el grado de expresión de la proteína URI está regulado por un oncogén llamado MYC, implicado en la regulación del cáncer y que también se relaciona con factores ambientales, como una mala dieta en diversos tipos de cáncer, incluido el colorrectal, explica Nabil Djouder, jefe del Grupo de Factores de Crecimiento, Nutrientes y Cáncer del CNIO.

Según los investigadores, este nuevo mecanismo podría arrojar luz sobre las posibles causas del aumento en los casos de cáncer de colon en adultos jóvenes y ayudar a entender mejor la relación con los factores ambientales y del estilo de vida.

Por otro lado, la disminución progresiva de la proteína p53 sucede de manera independiente a la ya conocida pérdida del gen TP53 (que codifica la proteína p53) que se observa en fases avanzadas del cáncer colorrectal. Es decir, ambos procesos pueden darse e influir en el desarrollo del cáncer simultáneamente: en las fases iniciales, la degradación de la proteína y, en las más avanzadas (e incluso metástasis) la pérdida del gen.