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Esta fuente de energía limpia podría alimentar a la Tierra durante 170.000 años

Un reciente estudio ha dado mayor comprensión sobre cómo se forman y dónde se localizan grandes acumulaciones de este gas.

Un reciente avance científico sugiere que existen múltiples reservas subterráneas de hidrógeno en todo el planeta, incluyendo al menos 30 en distintos estados de EE.UU. Este hallazgo podría acelerar la transición energética global, ya que el hidrógeno natural tiene una huella de carbono considerablemente menor que los hidrocarburos.

Hasta ahora, los geólogos contaban con una reducida comprensión sobre cómo se forman y dónde se localizan grandes acumulaciones de este gas. Sin embargo, un nuevo estudio publicado este martes en la revista Nature Reviews Earth and Environment y liderado por Chris Ballentine, profesor de geoquímica en la Universidad de Oxford, detalla los procesos geológicos clave para la generación y almacenamiento del hidrógeno natural.

Según Ballentine, la corteza terrestre ha producido suficiente hidrógeno en los últimos 1.000 millones de años como para abastecer las necesidades energéticas actuales por 170.000 años. El reto ahora es determinar cuánto de ese hidrógeno es realmente accesible y rentable de extraer.

"Lo crucial en este momento es encontrar dónde se ha liberado, acumulado y conservado", dijo Ballentine a Live Science.

¿Cómo se forman las reservas de hidrógeno?

Para que se forme una reserva subterránea de hidrógeno natural se requieren tres componentes esenciales: una fuente de producción, rocas porosas que actúen como contenedor y un sello geológico que impida que el gas se escape. Existen al menos una docena de procesos naturales capaces de generar hidrógeno, siendo uno de los más simples la reacción química entre el agua y algunos tipos de rocas.

Uno de los puntos de mayor interés actualmente está en el estado de Kansas, en EE.UU., donde una formación geológica conocida como 'la grieta continental media', formada hace aproximadamente 1.000 millones de años, podría haber generado grandes cantidades de hidrógeno. Este tipo de formaciones, ricas en basaltos, reaccionan con el agua y tienen el potencial de almacenar el gas.

Solo se debe seguir la receta correcta para encontrarlo

"Las condiciones descritas en este estudio representan los principios fundamentales que deben seguirse para localizar hidrógeno subterráneo", explicó Jon Gluyas, coautor del artículo y profesor en la Universidad de Durham (Reino Unido).

El hidrógeno tiene múltiples aplicaciones: se utiliza en la producción de fertilizantes, metanol y también como fuente energética para automóviles y plantas eléctricas. Actualmente, la mayoría del hidrógeno se obtiene de combustibles fósiles, lo que genera elevadas emisiones de carbono. Pero el hidrógeno natural, extraído del subsuelo, podría cambiar esas condiciones. "En la Tierra hay hidrógeno en abundancia", concluyó Ballentine, indicando que solo se debe seguir la receta correcta para encontrarlo.