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Hollín en el aire: ¿Cómo sería un invierno nuclear?

Un conflicto global podría resultar en 360 millones de muertes directas, afirman los científicos de la Universidad Estatal de Pensilvania, EE.UU.

Una guerra entre Rusia y Estados Unidos podría resultar en un invierno nuclear que devastaría la biósfera de la Tierra y conduciría a una reducción drástica de la producción agrícola, demostró un reciente estudio de la Universidad Estatal de Pensilvania, EE.UU., publicado en la revista IOP Science.

"Una guerra nuclear que involucrara a 15 países, incluyendo Estados Unidos y Rusia, podría causar 360 millones de muertes directas. Los efectos a largo plazo en la atmósfera tras un conflicto nuclear muy probablemente desencadenarían un invierno nuclear que duraría más de una década", afirman los científicos.

Según la investigación, las consecuencias de tal conflicto podrían ser la liberación de hasta 150 millones de toneladas de hollín a la atmósfera, lo que provocaría "un enfriamiento prolongado, un colapso agrícola y trastornos sociales de una escala sin precedentes".

Las precipitaciones y la radiación solar disminuirían hasta un 70 % a nivel mundial, lo que provocaría una caída de la temperatura media del aire de más de 15 grados centígrados.

En la investigación, los expertos se centraron en la producción anual de maíz que, según revelaron, podría disminuir hasta en un 80 %. De acuerdo con sus estimaciones, se necesitarían entre siete y 12 años para restablecer los niveles de producción.

"Las guerras nucleares causarían una pérdida incalculable de vidas y recursos genéticos, además de un invierno nuclear prolongado que reduciría la superficie agrícola y la productividad durante años. Una interrupción grave de las cadenas de suministro y el comercio puede agravar esta pérdida de productividad, provocando hambrunas regionales o globales. A medida que el clima se recupera, la alta radiación UV-B podría dañar aún más los cultivos, cuyos efectos se manifestarían años después del conflicto nuclear", señalan los autores del trabajo.

Para mantener la seguridad alimenticia en tal caso, los científicos proponen crear un 'kit de resiliencia agrícola'. "Este kit contendría una mezcla de semillas adaptada a la región y al clima que se puede distribuir estratégicamente para amortiguar la incertidumbre mientras se recuperan las cadenas de suministro, información adaptada a cada cultivo sobre técnicas culturales y una herramienta de apoyo a la toma de decisiones", explican.