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Revelan con IA secretos de la escritura de la Biblia

Obra de un equipo internacional de investigadores, el estudio se centró en el análisis del vocabulario de los nueve primeros libros de la Biblia hebrea.

Un nuevo estudio ha descubierto patrones ocultos en la Biblia hebrea que cambian algunas percepciones convencionales sobre el libro sagrado del judaísmo y el cristianismo.

Un grupo internacional de investigadores utilizó inteligencia artificial para abordar una de las cuestiones más preocupantes para los biblistas: la autoría de los textos del Viejo Testamento, objeto de redacciones y reescrituras en diversos periodos de la historia.

Analizando variaciones en el uso de palabras y sus secuencias, el equipo, que incluye a arqueólogos, biblistas, físicos, matemáticos e informáticos de Estados Unidos, Israel y Francia, distinguió las tres tradiciones de escritura en los nueve primeros textos de la Biblia hebrea.

Así, comparando el Deuteronomio, la llamada Historia Deuteronomista de Josué a Reyes y los escritos sacerdotales de la Torá, los investigadores confirmaron una mayor proximidad entre los dos primeros estilos, algo que ya fue consensuado entre los biblistas.

"Descubrimos que cada grupo de autores tiene un estilo diferente, sorprendentemente, incluso en lo que se refiere a palabras sencillas y comunes como 'no', 'cuál' o 'rey'. Nuestro método identifica con precisión estas diferencias", explicó Thomas Römer, biblista de Collège de y uno de los autores del artículo, publicado en PLOS One.

Luego, usando un modelo estadístico basado en IA, los científicos determinaron la autoría más probable y cronología de algunas partes bíblicas que han sido objeto de discusiones.

El equipo se centró la Narrativa del Arca, que refiere al cofre de oro conocido como el Arca de la Alianza, construido, según la Biblia, por los israelitas poco después de huir de Egipto y que contenía las dos tablas de piedra de los Diez Mandamientos.

Aunque a veces las dos secciones de los Libros de Samuel que abordan este tema se consideran partes de una única narración, los investigadores establecieron que el texto del I Samuel no se alinea con ninguno de los tres estilos, mientras que el capítulo correspondiente del II Samuel muestra afinidad con la Historia Deuteronomista.

"Nuestro artículo arroja nueva luz sobre la cuestión de la autoría de los textos bíblicos al ofrecer pruebas interpretables y estadísticamente significativas de la existencia de características lingüísticas en la escritura de los autores/redactores bíblicos, que pueden identificarse automáticamente", señalan los autores.

El equipo estudia ahora la posibilidad de utilizar la misma metodología para hacer descubrimientos sobre otros textos antiguos, como los Manuscritos del Mar Muerto, miles de fragmentos de más de 900 manuscritos de dos milenios de antigüedad, entre los que se encuentran copias de textos de la Biblia hebrea, y que fueron descubiertos a mediados del siglo XX en 11 cuevas.